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Pinpoint references
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The Access key contains the Access phrase of the
record(s) cited, and a pinpoint reference (when that is appropriate). An Access key to cite
page 126 in the Wells article would look like this:
{Wells 1999: 126}LegalCitation would then format the first footnote as follows: Miriam Wells, Ethics and Ethos, 24 Philoseth 124, 126 (1999).If the work had been cited previously, the citation would be formatted as a short citation: Wells, Ethics and Ethos at 126.
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Pages, sections, paragraphs, and pinpoint references
Entering the inclusive pages, rather than simply the first page on which the article or essay begins
can be useful if you will need to publish your work in cross-disciplinary journals,
which often require inclusive pages for materials published in bound collections.
If you will publish your work only in specifically legal publications, you may elect to enter only the initial page in
your records.
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A pinpoint reference for the work illustrated above as a LegalCitation record, included in an Access key,
would look like this:
{Deaux & Major 1990: 94}
The formatted citation, in ALWD style, would look like this:
Pages, sections, paragraphs, and pinpoint references
A pinpoint reference in the Access key for this work would include the Access phrase from the
record, and the specific page reference in the reporter:
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You can either paste this citation directly into your document, or enter an
Access key for the record, and have LegalCitation format
the citation when you run Generate Citations.
The Access key for a record that includes the pinpoint reference, simply include the Access phrase
for the record in the key:
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Pages, sections, paragraphs, and pinpoint references
Pinpoint references would typically be entered in the Access key:
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Citation refers to complete source work
Title ends with a year
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Pages, sections, paragraphs, and pinpoint references
If you are including several entries from the same dictionary in your database, make certain
you include the specific page reference in the Access phrase, as the Access phrase must be unique.
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Pages, sections, paragraphs, and pinpoint references
. . .
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Pages, sections, paragraphs, and pinpoint references
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Pages, sections, paragraphs, and pinpoint references
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{Juergensmeyer & Roberts 1998: § 10.4, 425}
. . . .
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When the citation is formatted, the section symbol will be included in the citation.
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Include pinpoint cites to specific paragraphs in your Access key.
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Pages, sections, paragraphs, and pinpoint references
Include the page on which the note appears and provide the note number in your Access key
Abbreviate one note as “n.” and multiple notes as “nn.” Insert one space between this abbreviation
and the note number or numbers. When citing multiple notes, use Rules 6.6 through 6.10 as guides.
Include this information in the Access Key in your word processing document.
{Juergensmeyer 1999: § 9.4.5, 541 n. 10}
{Juergensmeyer 1999: § 2.4, nn. 43-48}
{Juergensmeyer 1999: § 16, nn. 22-23}
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Pages, sections, paragraphs, and pinpoint references
{USC 510b}
LegalCitation will include information on the supplement in the formatted citation:
If the relevant material is included in a subsection of the work, enter the section description
in the 1st/Inc. Pages field. Because this field contains different types of information - not
only section descriptions - you will need to enter the section symbol in the field.
LegalCitation will include information on the supplement in the formatted citation in
Bluebook format:
and ALWD format:
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Pages, sections, paragraphs, and pinpoint references Return to section menu
When you format the citation in either ALWD, Bluebook, or any of the other specifically legal citation
styles, only the first page will be included.
Kay Deaux & Brenda Major, A Social-Psychological Model of Gender, in
Theoretical Perspectives on Sexual Difference 89, 94 (Deborah L. Rhode ed., Yale U. Press 1990).
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{Lincoln 1993: 185}
The formatted citation would include the pinpoint reference:
Lincoln v. Vigil, 508 U.S. 182, 185 (1993).
{Lincoln 1993}
Lincoln v. Vigil, 508 U.S. 182, 185 (1993).
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{Fischel 1996: 56}
The exception to this would be in records for entries in
Legal Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and
Public / Historic Documents.
If you are referencing the entire work, do not include a pinpoint reference in your Access key.
If a pinpoint page might be confused with the title, insert “, at” before the pinpoint page in your
Access key. A pinpoint page might be confused with a title if the title ends with a number.
{Grenville 1974: at 104-105}
The properly formatted citation, in ALWD style, will look like this:
J.A.S. Grenville, The Major International Treaties, 1914-1973, at 104-05 (Methuen 1974).
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For legal dictionaries, encyclopedias, and public documents, it is sometimes more convenient to simply
enter the pinpoint reference in the record, so that you can enter abstracts for different entries in the
dictionary.
{DE 1998.12}
For more examples of these types of works, see the LegalCitation StyleGuide.
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Multiple pinpoint references in a single Access key
Consecutive pages
When citing material on consecutive pages (sometimes called a “page span”), give the inclusive
page numbers, separated by a hyphen in your Access Key:
{Fischel 1996: 56-61}
The exception to this rule is in instances in which using a hyphen would create ambiguity or cause
confusion. For example, the page numbering in some legal materials, such as treatises and looseleaf
services, includes a hyphen as part of the number (example 53-01, 53-02). Accordingly,
using a hyphen or an en dash to denote the span would be confusing (53-01-53-02).
In this situation, using “to” to denote the span is the only way to avoid confusion. Thus,
the span would appear as 53-01 to 53-02.
Nonconsecutive or scattered pages
If the material is on multiple but nonconsecutive or scattered pages, enter the pages in the Access key separated
with a comma:
{Vadak 1990: 104, 110}
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Pinpoint page is also the initial page
If the pinpoint page is also the initial page, repeat the initial page number in the Access Key
in your document, so that it will be repeated in the citation:
{Wells 1972: 1219}
LegalCitation would then format the first footnote as follows:
Russo v. Byrne, 409 U.S. 1219, 1219 (1972).
If the work had been cited previously, the citation would be formatted as a short citation:
Russo, 409 U.S. 1219 at 1219.
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Sections and paragraphs
Entering section and paragraph symbols in LegalCitation records
To enter special characters in your LegalCitation records:
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Books, treatises and other works that are divided into sections
If the book you are working with is divided into sections, pinpoint cites in your Access key will need to
include the section symbol:
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US Code and other source types with Section fields
For US Code and several other types of source works, it is expected that a good portion of the records
for the type of work will include sections. The field labeled "Section" on forms is set aside specifically
for section information, and the section symbol does not need to be entered in the record.
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Rules of Court, Procedure, Evidence, and Ethics
For rules of court, procedure, evidence, and ethics, enter the rule number, section, and/or any
named document subdivision in the record.
{NY CPR DR 4-101(c)(2): ¶ 2}
The formatted citation will include the document subdivision, as well as the paragraph citation:
N.Y. Code Prof. Resp. DR 4-101(c)(2) ¶ 2 cmt. (1999).
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Newspaper sections
For newspapers, sections are equivalent to volume and issue numbers for other periodicals, and
should be included in the record. Also, the complete article, most likely, is contained on the single
page in a section of the newspaper, hence this information should be entered in the record.
{Reich 1991}
The formatted citation will include the newspaper section:
Robert B. Reich, Secession of the Successful, N.Y. Times § 6, 16 (Jan. 20, 1991).
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Footnotes and endnotes
When citing a footnote or endnote, include information on the cited footnote or endnote in your
Access key, following the examples below.
Single footnote
{Wells 1999: 1113 n. 109}
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Multiple, consecutive notes on a single page
{Wells 1999: 155 nn. 109-112}
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Scattered notes on a single page
{Wells 1999: 350 nn. 33-35}
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Multiple, consecutive notes on different pages
{Wells 1999: 460 nn. 13-15 to 463 nn. 20-22}
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Scattered notes on different pages
{Wells 1999: § 22, n. 10, § 24, n. 18}
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Material found only in a supplement
If the cited material appears only in a supplement, such as a pocket part, provide just the date of the supplement, in the appropriate field in your record. Include pinpoint cites, when appropriate, in the Access key. 
For multivolume works with supplements, enter information in the record as you see it illustrated here: 
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Material found only in main volume
If the source work has a supplement, but the relevant material appears only
in the supplement, include information on the main volume only. Use the date
on the copyright of the main volume.
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